View source for Classical Liberalism and Classical Liberals

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[[Category:Lord Keynes (pseudonym)]]
[[Category:Classical Liberalism]]
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{{DES | des = A large list of classical liberals displaying the huge diversity of their views, including many pro-grovernment or anti-capitalist liberals such as American founders, Rousseau, Kant, Bentham, etc.  Libertarians like to misrepresent them with only a list of conservative economists. | show=}}
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Mike Huben poses the question: “I never see a list of who the classical liberals were and who their contemporaries were who were not classical liberals.” 

Classical liberalism was a political and philosophical tradition, often distinct from later political liberalism as in organised political parties, and it is also necessary to distinguish political liberalism from economic liberalism.

Liberalism originally consisted in opposition to state power. Classical liberals of the 18th and 19th centuries were left-wing because they defended individual rights and laissez-faire, while conservatives were absolutist defenders of the centralized state and the divine right of kings. In the UK, this Classical liberal tradition existed well before the formation of the Whig party, which dominated Britain between 1688 and the 1830s. In the 1830s, the Whig party split: the progressives joined with the Utilitarians, democrats, and some Chartists to form the Liberal Party, whilst others joined the Conservative party. The term “Liberal” was used c. 1830, and British liberalism continued developing in different forms until the Liberal party was crushingly defeated in 1922. Keynes, as a matter of fact, regarded himself as in the British Liberal tradition, and was neither a Marxist or socialist.

I give a list of Classical liberals and some of the New (“Progressive”) British Liberals below.

Classical Liberals
John Locke
John Trenchard (1662–1723)
Thomas Gordon (c. 1692–1750)
David Hume
Adam Smith
Thomas Paine
Montesquieu
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) 
Voltaire (Francois-Marie Arouet)
Benjamin Constant (1767–1830)
Edward Gibbon
Jeremy Bentham

Philosophes: Liberals of the French Enlightenment 
Pierre le Pesant, Sieur de Boisguilbert 1646–1714
Richard Cantillon 1680?–1734
John Law 1671–1729
Etienne Bonnot, Abbe de Condillac 1714–1780
Denis Diderot 1713–1784
Anne-Robert Jacques Turgot 1727–1781
Abbe Andre Morellet 1727–1819
Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet 1743–1794

American Liberals
Thomas Jefferson
Alexander Hamilton 
John Jay (1745–1829)
Andrew Jackson
James Madison

British Liberals
Classical Economists
David Ricardo 1772–1823
James Mill 1773–1836
John Ramsay McCulloch 1789–1864
Thomas de Quincey 1785–1859
Nassau William Senior 1790–1864
John Stuart Mill 1806–1873
Philosophical Radicals
James Mill 1773–1836

Thomas Babington Macaulay (Whig conservative)
John Bright 1811–1889
Richard Cobden 1804–1865
Lord John Russell 1792–1878
Palmerstone
Charles Darwin
Thomas Henry Huxley 
Henry David Thoreau
Roebuck
Robert Lowe
Lord Acton
William E. Gladstone
Matthew Arnold
George Eliot 
John Morley
R. B. Haldane

Extreme/Doctrinaire Laissez faire
Jane Marcet
Harriet Martineau
James Wilson (The Economist)
Thomas Hodgskin
Herbert Spencer
Nassau Senior

Social Darwinists
Herbert Spencer 

Manchester School Liberalism
Jane Haldimand Marcet 1769–1858
Harriet Martineau 1802–1876
Richard Cobden 1804–1865
John Bright 1811–1889
Walter Bagehot 1826–1877
Sir Robert Giffen 1837–

French Liberals
Jean Joseph Mounier
Jacques Mallet du Pan
Pierre Claude Francois Daunou
Madame de Stael
Abbe de Lamennais
Alphonse de Lamartine
Francois Guizot
Royer-Collard
Charles de Remusat
Alexis de Tocqueville

Ideologues: Republican Liberals 
Comte Antoine-Louis-Claude Destutt de Tracy 1754–1836.
Comte Germain Garnier 1754–1821.
Jean-Baptiste Say 1767–1832
Restoration Liberals
Charles Dunoyer 1786–1862 
Francois-Charles-Louis Comte 1782–1837
Horace Emile Say 1794–1860
Pelegrino Rossi 1787–1848
Jereme-Adolphe Blanqui 1798–1854

Journalistes: Liberals of the Second Empire
Claude Frederic Bastiat 1801–1850
Michel Chevalier 1806–1879
Jean-Gustave Courcelle-Seneuil 1813–1892
Gustave de Molinari 1819–1912
Joseph Clement Garnier 1813–1881
Maurice Block 1816–1901
Leon B. Say 1826–1896
Pierre Emile Levasseur 1828–1911
Yves Guyot 1843–1928
Paul Leroy-Beaulieu 1843–1916

German Liberals
Immanuel Kant
Wilhelm von Humboldt
Friedrich Schiller
Karl Heinrich Rau 1792–1870
Friedrich B.W. Hermann 1795–1868 
Eugen Karl Doehring 1833–1921
C. von Rotteck 
C. T. Weicker

New Liberals/Later British Liberals
– by 1910, those in the UK Liberal party committed to laissez faire had moved to the Conservative party

Thomas H. Green
Arnold Toynbee 1852–1883
Thomas E. Cliffe Leslie 1825–1882
D. G. Ritchie
Viscount Herbert Samuel
L. T. Hobhouse (Liberal Socialism) 
H. Campbell Bannerman 1899–1908
H. H. Asquith
Charles Masterman
David Lloyd George 1926–1931
J. A. Hobson
Sir Andrew McFadyean
Willliam Beveridge 
Sir Winston Churchill
E. M. Forster
Leonard Woolf (liberal socialist)

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