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{{DES | des = "Libertarianism is a confused political outlook resting on misunderstanding key terms essential to its message, such as contract, property right, individuals, coercion, and democracy. In an internal critique of its key tenets and major thinkers it is shown to have failed in its chief project: outlining a genuine philosophy of freedom and well-being." | show=}}
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SUMMARY: Takeaway 1 of 10
About Academia Summaries

"While the libertarian tradition has a number of key intellectual ancestors, today Ayn Rand towers over the others in influence and in number of readers. This section's heading repeats the title of Jerome Tucille's history of the libertarian movement, iii written during the time of its initial expansion from small groups able to meet in the private homes of people like Rand and Murray Rothbard, to its present nation-wide scale. iv Today, more than fifty years after her books first..."
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 47  blindness to abuses of the powerless by the powerful through their greater ability to twist societyÕs rules and practices in their favor.
Endnotes
i
 Marc Fisher, Public or Private Space? Line Blurs in Silver Spring.
Washington Post,
 June 21, 2007. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/20/AR2007062002354.html 
ii
 Ayn Rand,
 For the New Intellectual 
, (NY: New American Library, 1961). 55.
2
Jerome Tucille,
 It Usually Begins With Ayn Rand 
 : 25th Anniversary Edition, (Fox and Wilkes, 1997)
3
 These statistics come from two excellent biographies of Rand: Anne C. Heller,
 Ayn Rand and the world  she made.
(NY: Doubleday, 2009) and Jennifer Burns,
Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American  Right 
, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).
4
 Heller, op. cit., xii.
5
 Ayn Rand,
 Atlas Shrugged,
(NY: Penguin, 1992). 989.
6
 
 Atlas Shrugged
(NY: Plume, 1999). 1070.
7
 
 Atlas Shrugged 
. Op. cit. (1992). 944.
8
 von Mises quoted in
Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American
Right, 177.
9
 RothbardÕs perceptive criticism is discussed in both biographies of Ayn Rand. Jennifer Burns,
Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right 
, ((Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009) 153. Ann C. Heller,
 Ayn Rand and the world she made
, (NY: Doubleday, 2009). 253.
10
 Heller, op. Cit., 298.
11
 Ibid., 302-3
12
 See the discussion in Burns, op. cit., 40-41.
13
 Ayn Rand,
 Fountainhead 
, (NY: Signet, 1993). 606.
14
 Heller, op. cit., 303.
15
 Milton Friedman, The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits,
 New York Times  Magazine
, Sept. 13, 1970, http://www.colorado.edu/studentgroups/libertarians/issues/friedman-soc-resp- business.html
16
 On the Kochs and Indians see http://webarchives.net/december_1999/koch_loses_oil_fraud_case.htm
17
 Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann,
The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise on the Sociology of  Knowledge
, (NY: Anchor, 1967).
18
 Ayn Rand,
The Virtue of Selfishness
, (NY: Signet, 1964). 34.
19
 Ibid., 61.

 
 48
20
 Paul Lewis, Peter Berger and his critics: The Significance of Emergence
 , Society
, 47: 3, 2010. 207-213.
21
 Yevgeny Yevtushenko, People,
Selected Poems
(NY: Penguin, 1979). 85.
22
 David Hume, An Inquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, appendix II., in David Hume,
 Moral and  Political Philosophy
, Henry D. Aiken, (ed.), (New York: Hafner, 1948), p. 270.
23
 Adam Smith,
The Theory of Moral Sentiments
, (New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1969), p. 10; Hume, ÒOf Self Love,Ó
 Moral and Political Philosophy
, pp. 270-275.
24
 David Hume, Treatise on Human Nature, Bk. II, sec. ii, in Hume,
 Moral and Political Philosophy
, p. 7.
25
 Smith, op. cit., p. 125.
26
 Hume,
Treatise on Human Understanding 
, Pt. II, sec. vi; Sec. ix, In Aiken (ed.) pp. 227, 258. See Henry Aiken's introductory essay, pp. xxiii. I am uncertain whether Aiken clarified what is implicit in Hume, as it certainly is, or whether Hume fully grasped this point himself, for in Pt. II, Sec. v he noted ÒIt is needless to push our researches so far as to ask why we have humanity or a fellow feeling with others.Ó (p. 212)
27
 Hume,
Treatise on Human Nature
, Bk. III, Part. II, sec. i., in Aiken, (ed.) p. 52.
28
 John A. Fisher, "Taking Sympathy Seriously: A Defense of Our Moral Psychology Toward Animals,
The Animal Rights/Environmental Ethics Debate,
ed. Eugene Hargrove, (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992), 227-248; J. Baird Callicott, "Animal Liberation and Environmental Ethics: Back Together Again,
 In Defense of the Land Ethic: Essays in Environmental Philosophy,
 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989), 49-59.
29
Aldo Leopold,
Sand County Almanac
, (New York: Ballantine Books, 1970), p. 117.
30
 Quoted by Donald Worster,
The Economy of Nature: A History of Ecological Ideas
, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), p. 181.
31
 Charles Darwin,
The Descent of Man
, New York: Modern Library, pp. 471-511, esp. 492. See also Callicott,
 In Defense of the Land Ethic,
 p. 119;
 
Donald Worster,
 Nature's Economy
, op. cit., pp. 180-184; Roderick Nash
The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics
, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989, pp. 42-45.
32
 F. A. Hayek,
 Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. 2: The Mirage of Social Justice
, (Chicago: University of Chicago 1976). 117.
33
 John Locke,
Two Treatises on Government 
, Peter Laslett, ed., (NY: Mentor, 1960) 327-44.
34
 Murray N. Rothbard,
 Law, Property Rights and Air Pollution
, Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2006. http://mises.org/daily/2120
35
 Janet Hall, Victor Brajer, Frederick W. Lurmann,
The Benefits of Meeting Federal 
 
Clean Air Standards in the South Coast and San Joaquin Valley Air Basins
, (California State University, Fullerton, 2008), 84.
36
 Steve Watson, Libertarian Talk Radio Activist jailed for 100 Days for Having a Couch in his Yard,
 Alex  Jones Infowars.net.
 Nov. 17, 2008. http://infowars.net/articles/november2008/171108Freeman.htm
37
 See in particular Gus diZerega
Ò
Spontaneous Order and LiberalismÕs Complex Relation to Democracy,Ó
The Independent Review
, 16:2, Fall, 2011.
38
 Publius (James Madison), Federalist 58,
 Federalist,
 Clinton Rossiter, ed., (NY: Penguin 1961). 361

 
 49
39
 Meteor Blades, Got AIDs? Your fault, says Ron Paul. Boss canÕt keep his hands off you? Switch jobs, says Ron Paul.
 Daily Kos
, Dec. 10, 2011. http://www.dailykos.com/story/2011/12/30/1049973/-Got-AIDs-Your-fault,-says-Ron-Paul-Boss-cant-keep-his-hands-off-you-Switch-jobs,-says-Ron-Paul?via=blog_1
40
 Julian Sanchez, Cato and the Kochs: A Presignation Letter,
 Julian Sanchez 
, March 5, 2012, http://www.juliansanchez.com/2012/03/05/cato-and-the-kochs-a-presignation-letter/
41
 Koch loses oil fraud case, http://webarchives.net/december_1999/koch_loses_oil_fraud_case.htm
42
 Robert Nozick,
 Anarchy, State, and Utopia
, (Wiley-Blackwell, 2001). 290-2.
43
 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/09/28/mom-goes-blind-so-her-dau_n_301947.html.
44
 Murray Rothbard grasped this point quite clearly. See his
 Ethics of Liberty
, chapter 19: Property Rights and the Theory of Contracts. http://mises.org/rothbard/ethics/nineteen.asp
45
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_Shirtwaist_Factory_fire http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/
46
 Carl Davidson,
 New Paths to Socialism: Essays on the Mondragon Cooperatives and Workplace  Democracy, Green Manufacturing, Structural Reform, and the Politics of Transition
, (Pittsburg, PA: Changemaker Publications, 2011).
47
 Ayn Rand,
The Virtue of Selfishness
 (NY: Signet, 1964), 30.
48
 Ayn Rand,
 Ayn Rand Answers: The Best of Her Q & A
. (NAL Trade, 2005), 103-4.
49
 Ironically a libertarian think tank offers a telling rebuttal to Rand. See Carlos Rodriguez, Craig Galbraith, and Curt Stiles, American Indian Collectivism: Past Myth Present Reality.
 Property and  Environment Research Center.
 Bozeman, MT. 2006. http://www.perc.org/articles/article802.php
50
 James Axtell, The White Indians of Colonial America,
The William and Mary Quarterly
, Third Series, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Jan., 1975), 88.
liv
 Ayn Rand,
We the Living
 , quoted in Chris Matthew Sciabarra,
Ayn Rand the Russian
 
Radical.
(University Park, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press 1995).
101
.
51
 Ayn Rand, The Cult of Moral Grayness,
The Virtue of Selfishness
, op. cit., 92
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